What Is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding? Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

Introduction

Abnormal uterine bleeding is any bleeding from the uterus that is not part of a normal period. This can mean bleeding between periods, very heavy periods, or periods that last longer than usual. Many women experience abnormal uterine bleeding at some point. However, it is important to know when to seek help. According to the CDC, this condition is common and can affect women of all ages. Early diagnosis and treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding can improve quality of life.

Common Symptoms

Abnormal uterine bleeding can show up in many ways. For example, you may notice:

Bleeding between periods

Very heavy menstrual bleeding (soaking through pads or tampons quickly)

Periods that last longer than seven days

Irregular periods (unpredictable timing)

Spotting after sex or between periods

Bleeding after menopause

Sometimes, you may also feel tired or weak. This can happen if you lose a lot of blood. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to pay attention. Early action can help prevent complications.

Causes and Risk Factors

There are many causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Some are common, while others are rare. For instance, hormonal changes are a leading cause, especially during puberty or menopause. Other causes include:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Uterine fibroids or polyps

Thyroid problems

Blood clotting disorders

Infections of the uterus or cervix

Certain medications, such as blood thinners

Cancer of the uterus or cervix (rare)

Additionally, risk factors include being overweight, having a family history of bleeding problems, or using certain birth control methods. Knowing the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding can help you and your doctor find the best treatment.

How Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is Diagnosed

Doctors use several steps to diagnose abnormal uterine bleeding. First, they will ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they may do a physical exam. Often, tests are needed to find the cause. These may include:

Blood tests to check for anemia or hormone levels

Pelvic ultrasound to look at the uterus and ovaries

Pap smear to check for cervical changes

Endometrial biopsy to test the lining of the uterus

Sometimes, your doctor may suggest more tests. However, most cases can be diagnosed with these simple steps. Early diagnosis helps guide the right treatment.

Treatment Options

Treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding depends on the cause. In many cases, doctors start with simple options. For example, they may suggest:

Hormonal birth control (pills, patches, or IUDs)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and bleeding

Iron supplements if you have anemia

If these do not help, other treatments may be needed. These can include:

Removing polyps or fibroids with minor surgery

Endometrial ablation (removing the lining of the uterus)

Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus, usually as a last resort)

Your doctor will help you choose the best treatment based on your needs. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, most women find relief with simple treatments.

Lifestyle Tips and Prevention

While not all cases can be prevented, some lifestyle changes may help. For instance, you can:

Maintain a healthy weight

Exercise regularly

Eat a balanced diet rich in iron

Manage stress with relaxation techniques

Track your periods to notice changes early

In addition, avoid smoking and limit alcohol. These steps can support your overall health and may lower your risk of irregular periods or heavy menstrual bleeding.

When to See a Doctor

It is important to know when to seek medical help. See a gynecologist if you:

Have very heavy bleeding (soaking more than one pad per hour)

Bleed between periods or after sex

Have periods lasting longer than seven days

Feel weak, dizzy, or very tired

Notice bleeding after menopause

Early care can help find the cause and prevent serious problems. Do not wait if you have any of these signs.

Consult a gynecologist for personalized advice on abnormal uterine bleeding.